| Keywords: | Flowers/Ornamentals; Colombia; Biodiversity prospecting; Intellectual property rights; Cell-/Tissue culture. |
| Correct citation: | Atehortua, L. (1997), "Heliconias: A new challange for the Colombian floricultural industry." Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 31, p. 2021. |
Despite Colombia's great biodiversity, its floricultural industry concentrates on non-native plant species such as chrysanthemums, roses and carnations. This situation is due to a lack of scientific and technical knowledge about domestication of native species. Consequently, the University of Antioquia has started a research programme on local heliconia species with an expected international market. Biotechnology is used as a tool to overcome domestication and marketing problems.
In 1984, the Colombian government launched a new inventory of Columbia's
plant biodiversity, the second Colombian Botanical Expedition. This
initiative was coordinated by COLCIENCIAS, the main governmental research
agency in Colombia. The Expedition involved several disciplines, among
them phytochemistry. The Department of Biology of the University
of Antioquia was granted a four year, US$ 21,000 research project to
carry out a floristic inventory of the state of Antioquia. Because of the
lack of specialized and well-trained taxonomists in Colombia, taxonomical
specialists of the Missouri and New York Botanical Gardens joined in the
project.
The result of the inventory was a data base of 11,500 species including
some fungi groups, mosses, ferns and related species, gymnosperms, and
angiosperm plants. The inventory proved to be a useful mechanism for developing
subsequent research projects in several departments of the University of
Antioquia, including the Departments of Chemistry, Anthropology and Law.
The Department of Biology formulated the Heliconia Research Programme.
After studying several possibilities to develop a new agricultural alternative
out of Colombia's natural biodiversity, it was decided to concentrate on
heliconias because of the availability of a great diversity of naturally
occurring species (92 species of which 48 are endemic in Colombia). In
addition, as the world's second largest exporter of cut flowers, Colombia
may be able to introduce a new tropical product on the international cut
flower market. Thus, the incorporation of tropical exotic plant species
may stimulate socio-economic developments and may provide an alternative
for the growing of illicit crops.
After the decision in favour of heliconias, a working group composed
of academics and farm technicians formulated research priorities. This
interdisciplinary team decided to concentrate on the domestication of wild
heliconia species. However, most of those involved had no research experience
with wild species and relevant literature on domestication of tropical
species for similar goals was not available. Starting from scratch, the
working group received funds from COLCIENCIAS in 1992 for a study of the
ecology and phenology of two heliconia species to gather knowledge about
the in situ conditions under which the two species usually grow.
This enabled the development of a standard for commercial production of
the two heliconia species.
The use of biotechnology
Biotechnology has been considered helpful to solve some of the problems
related to the domestication of heliconias. Multiplication of heliconias
was the first problem because of the slow germination of its seeds (about
three months to three years). Multiplication by rhizome (the underground
stem of a heliconia) is also time consuming and therefore hardly an alternative.
Hence, the research project aimed at the development of a tissue culture
protocol for heliconia.
From the beginning, the development of a protocol for the regeneration
of in vitro heliconia tissue was difficult. The project started
from well developed banana tissue culture protocols, because of their close
phylogenetic relationship with heliconias. One difficulty that the project
had to overcome in the in vitro regeneration was the elimination
of Pseudomonas solanacearum from the explants of heliconia rhizomes.
This omnipresent bacterial pathogen for many crops was directly brought
in from the field. Currently, the in vitro plants obtained after
regeneration are monitored and evaluated in the field. The aim is to detect
somaclonal variations and to select mutants, such as dwarf plants. Such
mutants could be interesting for commercial production if found stable
in subsequent regeneration processes.
Protocols of production on commercial scale for some heliconia species
are now available. Recently, the UN Development Programme (UNDP)
has granted US$ 206,000 for a demonstration project on heliconia and related
species in the state of Antioquia. The demonstration project includes a
demonstration field for which the heliconia project will provide in vitro
produced plantlets. It is expected that heliconia production might be an
alternative to illicit crops for marginalized people in this violent area.
However, in vitro production is too expensive for local producers
(US$ 0.40 to 0.50 per unit). For this reason, the development of an alternative,
reproduction system was included in the project. This should have the advantage
of speeding up reproduction, while at the same time it is inexpensive.
Such an alternative may be the production of plants by somatic embryogenesis
instead of the above described organogenesis. With embryogenesis (or embryo
culture) plant tissues instead of single cells are encouraged to form new
plants. Embryo culture can be scaled up in bioreactors, which reduces cost.
Finally the long-term aim of the project is to produce synthetic
seeds, i.e. an embryo encapsulated in a protective sheath similar to natural
seed. However, even in crops that are better studied than heliconias, the
successes of synthetic seeds are limited in number.
Future research directions
In the future, when the project has mastered the basic technologies,
and has accomplished a thorough study of existing in situ and ex
situ germplasm, the project will use biological and molecular genetic
techniques to genetically improve the species. This will facilitate production
on a commercial scale. The future research agenda includes:
| ASOCOLFLORES focuses on subtropical native species
On the reported lack of interest of the Colombian cut flower industry in producing heliconia, the Colombian Association of Flower Exporters (ASOCOLFLORES) reacts that the production of tropical species does not fit into its activities. The main cut flower industry in Colombia is located in the mountainous regions with temperatures fluctuating between 5 and 200C. Combined with a high light intensity, these regions are appropriate for producing high-quality cut flowers of subtropical species. Tropical flowers such as heliconias have different requirements. Heliconias grow below the 1,500 m., cannot tolerate temperatures below 130C and are sensitive to mechanical damage. According to ASOCOLFLORES, transportation techniques would have to be evaluated, since subtropical flowers are shipped at temperatures just above freezing point. ASOCOLFLORES reports to be more interested in the ornamental potential
of native plants of Colombia's Andean forest between 1,600 to 3,000 m.
A year of research by two researchers of the Horticulture Research Centre
(CIAA) of the University of Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano resulted
in the collection of 50 cut flower, pot plant and garden plant species
from the high Andean forest (2,500 to 3,000 m.). Of these species, 20 are
considered to have potential for the Colombia flower industry. The research
cost of US$ 4,000 was financed by the local NGO Environmental Protection
Fund José Celestino Mutis (FEN). The same NGO has been approached
to finance the US$ 8,000 research cost for the same research but at lower
altitudes (1,600 to 2,500m.).
Source: Personal communication of Miguel Gómez Martínez, executive president of ASOCOLFLORES; Rebecca Lee, extension coordinator CIAA. |
Intellectual property rights
Protection of the heliconia species could provide compensation for
the research costs. However, expected revenues have to be balanced against
the expected costs of seeking protection. The prospects of protecting the
results of the research if new varieties or hybrids are developed are not
very good. Recently, the University of Antioquia obtained two patents and
thus now knows the high costs of the procedure. In particular, the costs
of extending and monitoring the protection in other countries are high
and have to be paid in foreign currency. Protection for heliconia species
should be obtained in all main importing countries, since it will be in
these countries that the protection will have its economic impact. The
fact that Colombia is member of the International Union for the Protection
of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) eases the situation, since many of
the potential importing countries of heliconia species are members of UPOV
too, and uniform protection in these countries will be guaranteed.
Another aspect not tackled yet is the possible protection of heliconia
species stemming from Colombia by scientists and traders in other countries.
This could not only seriously restrict research activities on the domestication
of heliconia, its production and export of heliconias, but also affect
Colombian agricultural and biodiversity development as a whole.
Lucia Atehortua
Tissue Culture Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Universidad
de Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia. Fax (+574) 263 8282;
E-mail latehor@quimbaya.udea.edu.co
Sources
J. Kress (1984), "Systematics of Central American Heliconia (Heliconiaceae)
with Pendent Inflorescences." J. Arnold Arbor, 65 (4), pp.429-532.
A.J. Rengifo (1994), "La Biodiversidad en el Derecho Internacional." Ecologica. Abril-diciembre, pp.42-46.
Universidad de Antioquia (1996), Estatuto de Propiedad Intelectual. Medellín, Colombia: Universidad de Antioquia.
J. van Wijk and W. Jaffé (eds.)(1996), Intellectual Property Rights and Agriculture in Developing Countries: Proceedings of a seminar on the impact of plant breeders rights in developing countries. Amsterdam: IICA & University of Amsterdam.
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